Historic vs. Historical How to Choose the Right Word

Several  centuries ago, historic  and historical  were considered synonyms. However, over time, their definitions diverged, and the two words are now far from interchangeable, despite how similar they may seem. Both words are adjectives used to describe something related to the past, but the correct word is determined by the  significance  of  the noun being  described.   How to Use Historic The word historic refers to any  event, object, or place that is considered an important part of history. It is the more selective of the two terms. Anne Frank’s house,  the life story of  Cleopatra, and the first computer are  historic. By contrast, a brooch worn by an anonymous noblewoman from a prior century would not be considered historic, unless that brooch happened to have a special, notable role in some historic event.   How to Use Historical The word historical refers to anything and everything that has happened in or is connected to the past, no matter its level of importance.   While the  Battle of Gettysburg  is a historic event that influenced the outcome of the American Civil War, the soldiers daily breakfasts would be considered historical events—unless one such breakfast was the scene of a pivotal or famous moment. Historical is also the term you’ll see preceding the names of museums and other institutions. Examples Differentiating between historic and historical allows us to talk about the past more precisely. Consider the following examples to deepen your understanding of the distinction between the two terms:   Historic text vs. historical text: The Bible and the Declaration of Independence are both indisputably important parts of history. As such, they are both historic texts. A diary written by an anonymous teenager during the Great Depression would be considered a  historical  text. We can also use the word historical to describe  historical fiction, which refers to  a novel or story written about (but not necessarily during) a historical time period.Historic object vs. historical object: If a museum advertises an exhibition of  historic objects on display, theyre stating that the objects are historically significant. The Rosetta Stone and the Spirit of St. Louis are historic, whereas a  table from the 1800s is historical.Historic day  vs. historical day: The day  Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his â€Å"I have a dream† speech, the end of the second World War, and the signing of the  Bill of Rights were critical to the molding of history and thus are all historic d ays. A  historical day, on the other hand, is simply any day that occurred in the past.Historic map vs. historical map: If a map is called historic, it is because the map itself has had a prominent place in history, perhaps to plan an important battle or document the establishment of a city. A historical map is  any map that was produced in the past. A historical map likely conveys the history of the place it depicts, but the map itself is not historically significant as an object. How to Remember the Difference Mixing up historic and historical is a common grammatical pitfall. To remember the difference, call upon the words of writer William Safire: â€Å"Any past event is historical, but only the most memorable ones are historic.† Rely on the following memory tricks to ensure you always use the right word:  Ã‚   â€Å"Historical has more letters than historic, just as the definition of historical encompasses more events, objects, and people than the definition of historic.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Historic† ends with the letter C. C stands for critical. Historic  objects or events are critical components of history.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Historical† ends with the letter L. L stands for long ago. Historical objects or events relate to anything that happened in the past, but may or may not be historically significant.   â€Å"A† Historic Event versus â€Å"An† Historic  Event Sometimes, the confusion around historic and historical arises not from the words themselves, but from the indefinite article that precedes them.  Recall the  rules about how to use â€Å"a† or â€Å"an†: When a word begins with a  consonant sound, use â€Å"a.†When a word begins with  a vowel sound, use â€Å"an.† In American English, both â€Å"historic† and â€Å"historical† have an audible â€Å"h† sound, so they must be preceded by â€Å"a.† The fact that British pronunciation sometimes omits the consonant sound in both terms further complicates the matter, but American English speakers can simply remember to use a.

Spatial Distribution of the Primary Health Care Facilities...

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA (A GIS Approach ) By Adewara Monsur Babalola thawben@gmail.com,monsurbabalola@yahoo.com Abstract The analytical capability of GIS has been explored in this work in an attempt to enhance the distribution of primary health care services in Enugu State Southeast Nigeria. With due consideration to the importance of health to the overall well being of every nation, the need for effective planning and management of the health care facilities in order to achieve optimum result in the country, can not be overemphasized. Information as to what is where is ever useful for any meaningful planning programme to be achieved. To facilitate the necessary information†¦show more content†¦Thus, necessitate the present research interest in solving the problem where the political willingness is available to implement recommendations. 3. Aim and Objectives of the Project The aim of the project is to investigate the nature of spatial distribution of primary health care service delivery in the state This aim is set to be actualized through a number of objectives namely †¢ To identify and acquire the most crucial or relevant dataset/information about f location of medical facilities, prevailing manpower and equipment from reliable source. †¢ To develop a GIS database for the acquired information about the medical facilities in the study area †¢ To determine spatial efficiency (in terms of geographical coverage) of the existing medical facilities in the study area. †¢ To determine community based accessibility/proximity to the nearest medical facility. †¢ To determine the ratio of man to prevailing medical facility (RMF) The actualization of these objectives using GIS as a decision support tool will ultimately assist the government in health sectorial reform 4. Project Justification Nigeria is renowned to have the highest figure (704-1500 deaths in 100,000 lives) for mortality rate in the world (Lanre- Abass, 2008). This is also true for infant mortality which is reported to be of about 73.34 deaths in 1000 births (Awosika-Olumo, 2002). These figures are alarming and threatening and a

Money And Capital Financial Market Analysis - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Money And Capital Financial Market Analysis. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to highlight on the Ponzi Scheme and the case on the Bernard Madoff relating to this scheme. This study exploits the Ponzi scheme crash for estimating the impact of negative economic shocks on the criminal result. Ponzi scheme refers to the financial scheme created in the year 1920 and has been named after Charles Ponzi in the US. This scheme offered high returns to the costumers with the aim Doubling the cash within three months. This paper also elucidates on the findings of institutions and investors impacted. The outcome of this case in terms of recommendation and implication for future is also discussed in this report. Ponzi Scheme Ponzi Schme is basically a fraudulent investing scam that promises higher return rates with less risk to the investors. In this scheme, the returns are usually paid to the depositor either from their own cash or from the money paid by subsequent investors (Frankel, 2012). The organization that is engaged in this Ponzi scheme focuses to attract new clients for making investments. This new income has been utilized in paying returns to the investors, marked as profit from genuine transactions. This scheme mainly relies on the constant investment flow in order to give returns to older depositors. There at times when these schemes commence operations in terms of rightful investment vehicles that includes hedge funds. This hedge funds easily degenerate into Ponzi scheme if they fail in legitimately earn expected returns (Rantala, 2012). The investors within this scheme might face huge difficulties when they try to take money out of investment. Even the promoters tries to reduce withdrawals by providing new plans to depositors in which the cash cannot be taken out for specific time period in exchange of higher returns. Bernard Mandoffs financial fraud had been one of the biggest lasting Ponzi scheme. He implemented same strategy as that of Charles Ponzi (Aliber Kindleberger, 2015). As former chairman of NASDAQ stock market and founder of wall street firm, he had drawn promising result and also guaranteed proper rate of return. He did not disclosed the origin of money that came in business and went. Background of the Bernard Madoff case Bernard Madoff had started his organization in the year 1960 as stock trader with the total amount of $5000. His business started to develop by taking assistance from accountant. Madaff operated Ponzi scheme under the investment advisory business for near about 40 years. He took the assets of clients, transferred their cash to his personal accounts and even mailed fictitious statement of their account for hiding ruse. However, when his clients withdrew their funds, he utilized obtained capital from other depositors in paying out redemptions. Madoff sold his commodity to his clients as hedge fund (Deason, Rajgopal Waymire, 2015). Even he did not met with his investors and refused in divulging any data pertaining to his companys practices. In 1980, the market creator division of Madoff traded up to 5% of total volume that is made on NYSE. The scheme mainly began in 1990. In the early 1990, he suffered losses with European bank. Despite admitting this losses to his customer, he started in giving false returns. The analysis of Madoff case was basically performed by Markopolos, before this scheme collapsed. He started to send report to SEC in the year 2000 about the operations of Madoff. By the year 2005, Markopolos gave detail about Madoff fund in the letter to SEC titled The largest Hedge Fund is Fraud. The red flags reflected by Markopolos showed that the Madoff fund earned 16% average annual returns by applying strategy of spilt strike conversion (Kull, 2012). In the year 2008, he started to receive huge redemption amount from clients. In December 2008, the Madoffs firm faced $7 billion in request of redemption from investment , which did not exist. His brother and two sons engaged some of positions in Madoff organization. On 9 the December, he told his sons and his brother about the fraud and that his business was Ponzi scheme (Smith,, 2012). However, on 11th December 2008, he was arrested by FBI ( Federal Bureau of Investigation). On 12th March 2009, he plead ed guilty to 11 number of securities fraud and hence received 150 years of imprisonment. There were several factors that kept this scheme running for long time: Firstly, His firm aid in developing NASDAQ and was the biggest market marker. Moreover, the investors took him on trust. Secondly, The inspectors of SEC had conducted certain investigations, but did not check trades with their counterparties. Thirdly, Madoff offered 13% per annum returns in product market and told his customers that he generated returns with split-strike conversion strategy. Fourthly, he relied on feeder funds for steering investor funds, for which the investors were paid 1.5% per annum as management fee as well as profit share. Timeline of events YEAR BACKGROUND EVENTS 1960 Bernard Madoff starts trading operation named as Bernad Madoff Investment securities (BLMIS) 1960-1970 BLMIS had been known for creating third market trades, which uses creative computer technology as well as bypass NYSE in making markets. In fact, some of this technology had also been used to create NASDAQ. The corporation also started investment portfolio sector, where he managed cash for the investors. 1989 BLMIS handled 5% of the trading volume on NYSE. 1990 Bernard Madoff had been appointed non executive chairperson of NASDAQ. In this year, the investment accounts of the organization continued to develop and hence reported constant positive growth returns (Mauboussin, 2012). These investors involve hedge funds, pension plans, charitable foundations etc. 1992 Madoffs fame as investment manager becomes widespread in the nation. Owing to increase in his fame, Madoff had been asked to disclose his strategy that is described as split strike conversion. He created false account records for Avelliom and Bienes (AV) accounts reflecting profitable trade. YEAR CENTRAL EVENTS 1999 A portfolio manager (named Harry Markopolos) at trading organization in Boston had been asked by his manager in designing investment product, which could copy Madoffs success. After analyzing it, he concluded that Madoff could not earn the returns without any fraud. 2000 Harry filed complaint with Boston office of SEC (Securities and Exchange commission), but it does not take any action on this complaint. They was no clue that tip off was transmitted to SEC. 2001 Markopolos sent another report to SEC in order to undercover the evidences that Bernard Madoff had committed fraud. The enforcement director thought that they did not want further investigation. In May 2001, the feeder fund was called by Madoff for inspecting his assets and hence was shown bad trading records. 2002 Harry Markpolos met with the depositors in Madoffs fund who gave the information about Madoff that he was usually operating a Ponzi. Still there was no discernable effect. 2005 Another report was also sent to SEC by Markopolos that suggested that BLMIS is the Ponzi scheme (Moore, Han Clayton, 2012). Two SEC had spent long time in examining his records. After investigating it, SEC does not find any proof of fraud and hence this case wounded up in this year. In September, the bank had asked KPMG to see operational risk of his business. This report outlined several possibilities that include fraud. In October , SEC chief person spoke to Harry but still was not influenced by him. In fact, SEC team thought that it might good idea for ascertaining the counterparties to reported trade. 2008 In March, HSBC bank had asked KPMG in undertaking further risk assessment of doing business with Bernard Madoff (Pozza Jr, Cox Morad, 2012). In August, risk officer of Fairfield Greenwich conceded that few aspects of his operation remained unclear. He also told his two sons as well as his brother that his business was a Ponzi scheme and hence was unable in fulfilling the request of his clients. His sons also reported this revelation to the authorities. On the 11 th December, Madoff had been arrested with securities fraud. YEAR AFTERMATH Janurary, 2009 The customers of Madoff began filing claim against BLMIS February, 2009 The customer account of Madoff had been released 12 March 2009 Madoff had been pleaded guilty to 11 federal states that he was the only person responsible for fraud. As a result, he was sentenced prison to 150 years. Findings of institutions and investors affected Madoffs fraudulent firm affected biggest international banks, charities, hedge funds, investors and other institutions. Owing to loss of trust, the investors exposed to this scheme moved their fund out of any risky assets into the bank accounts (Dodge Steele, 2015). Even the loss from this scheme was mainly felt in Jewish community and charities and hence they were forced in cutting back operations. One of the investors who lost $1.4 billion in Madoffs Ponzi scheme committed suicide. In addition, several financial institutions had shut down as they lost huge endowments. HSBC had been emerged as the biggest victim of this scheme, which lost more than $1 billion. As a result, this bank collapsed as their client suffered from huge losses. Thus, all the victims underwent huge trauma owing to this Madoffs Ponzi scam. Outcome of the case in terms of recommendations and implication for future The outcome of the case was that Mandoff was imprisoned for 150 years and was forced to surrender $170 billion in the year 2009. His three residents and all accessories were auctioned off. Even the employees of Mandffs firm, who were found culpable for their work in Ponzi scheme also imprisoned for 30 years. The recommendations and implication for future regarding this case are illustrated below: The firm must hire ethical minded staffs, promote their core values, staff Chief compliance officer and have good business culture for avoiding fraudulent schemes as of Mandoff. The accounting practices in the company should also be transparent and all transactions in business must be publicly revealed (Freshman, 2012). It is suggested that the investors must also perform detailed research before making investment in any fund or scheme. The organizations must always check the credentials of the financial adviser and hence must be sure that the adviser is legit. This can help the firm in avoiding Ponzi scheme. On the utilization of advanced technology in firm, the investors must carefully inquire about these particular systems as well as infrastructure that is to be used for securing and protecting their assets. Reducing the chance of occurring again The ways of reducing the chance of occurring Madoff scam again are given below: A well defined investment strategy should be determined when writing it to specific clients The financial statement must be audited if the fund has been registered as well as regulated by SEC GIPS (Global Investment Performance Standards) must be determined as it includes accurate depiction of historical performance of clients. Each firm must adopt this standard for receiving honest reporting as well as accountability. The present prospectus and outline of companys assets under management, risk taken must be checked in diligence process (Levmore, 2012). However, these documents must include details regarding investment valuations especially the investments that have been not traded in current market. Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that Mdoffs scam had not adversely impacted all victims including investors, organizations, charities etc. It has been seen from this scandal that due diligence of auditors is vital than relying on others opinions. One of lessons that this scheme had taught the investors was that this Ponzi schemes might be legitimate. The auditors must also make certain that the management of the company had conducted test on risk assessment. In fact, they are also responsible for examining management risk evaluation. While dealing with the companys financial reports, they should be sceptical about internal control system as well as business risk that might lead to material misstatement. They should also report the companys management about fraudulent action taken place in business. References Aliber, R. Z., Kindleberger, C. P. (2015). Bernie Madoff: Frauds, Swindles, and the Credit Cycle. InManias, Panics, and Crashes(pp. 143-182). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Deason, S., Rajgopal, S., Waymire, G. B. (2015). Who gets swindled in Ponzi schemes?. Dodge, M., Steele, S. (2015). A comprehensive framework for conceptualizing financial frauds and victimization.The Routledge International Handbook of the Crimes of the Powerful, 289. Frankel, T. (2012).The Ponzi scheme puzzle: A history and analysis of con artists and victims. Oxford University Press. Freshman, A. (2012). Financial disaster as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder: Internet survey of trauma in victims of the Madoff Ponzi scheme.Health social work,37(1), 39-48. Kull, A. (2012). Common-Law Restitution and the Madoff Liquidation.BUL Rev.,92, 939. Levmore, S. (2012). Rethinking Ponzi-Scheme Remedies in and out of Bankruptcy.BUL Rev.,92, 969. Lewis, M. K. (2012, December). New dogs, old tricks. Why do Ponzi schemes succeed?. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 294-309). Elsevier. Mauboussin, M. J. (2012).Think twice: Harnessing the power of counterintuition. Harvard Business Review Press. Moore, T., Han, J., Clayton, R. (2012, February). The Postmodern Ponzi Scheme: Empirical Analysis of High-Yield Investment Programs. InFinancial Cryptography(Vol. 7397, pp. 41-56). Pozza Jr, C. L., Cox, T. R., Morad, R. J. (2012). A Review of Recent Investor Issues in the Madoff, Standford and Forte Ponzi Scheme Cases.J. Bus. Sec. L.,10, 113. Rantala, V. (2015). How do investment ideas spread through social interaction? Evidence from a Ponzi scheme. Smith, F. (2012). Madoff Ponzi Scheme Exposes the Myth of the Sophisticated Investor.U. Balt. L. Rev.,40, 215.

Tolkien Historian Of Middle

Tolkien: Historian Of Middle-Earth Essay John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is remembered for his imaginative writings and the lasting creation of Middle-earth world. However, he was also a great scholar and linguist, holding the position of the Rawlingson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University. His writings owe much of its power to his ocean of knowledge about European languages and a deep understanding and appreciation of the art of storytelling and myths. His books have been translated into twenty-four languages and many millions of copies have been sold worldwide (Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel). Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, in what is now South Africa, on January 3, 1892. However, his mother brought him home to England when he was four, and after his fathers death his family made their home in rural Sarehole, then on the edge of the industrial city, Brimingham (Rosebury 80-137). When Tolkien was only twelve, his mother passed away, leaving him and his brother in the care of Father Francis Xavier Morgan. Father Morgan was a very strong moral influence on young Tolkien and provided him with loving support though to his years in college (J.R.R. Tolkien 145-146). Tolkien received a very good high school education at King Edward VI School, one of the finest schools in England at the time. From there he went up to Oxford, where he studied English at Exeter College, gaining him first class honors (Rosebury 80-137). At the age of twenty-one, Tolkien proposed to his childhood sweetheart, Edith Bratt, although it was against the wishes of Father Morgan, who objected to him marring someone three years older than himself (J.R.R. Tolkien 145-146). However, the two were unable to web for a few years because Tolkien was drafted to fight in World War I. During the war he served in the Lancashire Fusiliers as an officer, and survived the Somme, though many of his close frien ds and colleagues died (Rosebury 80- 137). His respect for the common solder under the great stress of war shows through in his later writings, where the Hobbits show strength in Mordor, previously unseen by themselves or others (Tolkien, The Return 191-262). We will write a custom essay on Tolkien: Historian Of Middle-Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After the war he got a job, working at the New English Dictionary, but in 1920 he was appointed reader in English at Leeds University. Four years later he was promoted to Professor, which is the highest academic rank in British universities (Moseley 18-79). It was this time that he started writing. At this stage he thought of his tales as being a new mythology for England. These early works, which laid the basis for his later works, are now published as The Book of Lost Tales(Rosebury 80-137). In 1925 he was elected to the Professorship at Oxford. There he specialized in Philology, the study of words, and was among the most accomplished scholars in his field (Rosebury 80- 137). His love of words led him to work on a series of languages for the Elves of Middle-earth. Though out his lifetime this obsession drove him to produce fourteen languages and he also showed how these languages developed over the course of history of Middle-earth (Chance 7-13). Tolkien said that the one of the first alphabets, called Tengwar, became very popular because it was a very flexible writing system that was easily adapted by the many different races of Middle-earth for use with their languages. The main flaw of this language was that it was very difficult to inscribe onto metal, stone or wood. This led to the creation of Cirth, a similar alphabet but with simpler characters made with strait lines. Tolkien often signed his work with }@O8bael/u} , which translates into his name (Smith Vers. 1.1) . .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .postImageUrl , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:hover , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:visited , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:active { border:0!important; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:active , .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9 .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucce156de124423d4c7363aeeb8d47df9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Educational Psychology EssayOver the course of the next few years Tolkien wrote four books for each of his four children. Of these, The Hobbit is the best known and was eventually published in 1937. Stanley Unwin, the publisher asked for a sequel but Tolkien was skeptical of a sequels success (Chance 7-13). He felt as if his work would only be enjoyed by a small minority and was surprised with his previous success. Once he began though he became very involved with the book. Unfortunately World War II intervened, and slowed the process down considerably, taking a total of twelve years to complete. The book blossomed into more than a sequel, being not a bok for children, but a great saga for adults, The Lord of the Rings(Rosebury 80-137). At the time of its first publication the book received mixed reviews. It was not until the late 60s and early 70s that Tolkiens popularity increased dramatically with the official release of the Lord of the Rings in the United States. During this time, there was an international emergence of Tolkien cults, which unfortunately delayed Tolkiens entry into the canon of twentieth-century writers (Chance 7-13). Tolkien retired shortly after the publication of this work, and left Oxford for the coastal resort of Bournemouth, but when his wife, Edith, died he returned to Oxford to be with the rest of his family. He himself died two years later on the 2nd of September 1973, at the age of eighty- one. He was buried alongside his wife in an Oxford cemetery, under their real names and the names of two lovers he had created, Beren and Luthien (Moseley 18-79). Although Tolkiens vison was mainly channeled into his writings, he also drew many pictures and sketches, both in ink and water colors, and produced many wonderfully detained maps of Middle-earth. The pictures appear as covers to some editions of his works, and have been gathered into a book of their own (Rosebury 80-137). Tolkien used a great deal of symbolism in his books, most noticeable is the race of small manlike creatures know as Hobbits, which he uses to symbolize the people of England. Tolkien perceived his fellow Englishmen (and Hobbits) as a simple, comfort-loving people that were surprisingly strong and resilient in times of trouble. In many of his books, Hobbits played key roles as an unlikely hero who ends up making a big difference in the world (J.R.R. Tolkien 145- 146). Many people also believe that many of the events in The Lord of the Rings, symbolize people and places in World Wars I and II, but Tolkien denies ever intentional doing so (Rosebury 80-137). When approa ched with similar questions about Middle-earth, Tolkien does not answer as the author, but as a historian trying to recall events of a pass long forgotten. This attitude can be seen in the complimentary (preface, prologues, appendixes, etc.) in The Lord of the Rings as well as in several of published letters. After his death, his son Christopher, aided by the Canadian writer Guy Gavriel Kay, set out to edit many of Tolkiens earlier mythological works. The majority of Tolkiens works were not published until long after his death. The first to be published was the Simarillion, a very detailed work containing many of the myths and the rich history of Middle-earth. In the early 80s, Christopher compiled many of Tolkiens miscellaneous stories into a set of books called the Book of Lost Tales. The most recent addition to the Tolkien library is the History of Middle- earth series. This set of books is almost like a textbook of just the history of Middle-earth and includes many of Tolkiens notes, maps, sketches, and time lines on everything that occurred in Middle-earth, from the creation of the planet to its destruction (Moseley 18-79). .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .postImageUrl , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:hover , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:visited , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:active { border:0!important; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:active , .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5 .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube14c542546a52862b1dea3f6d559ab5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ENDERS GAME EssayApart from the Middle-earth cannon of works, Tolkien has written a good many childrens books as well as an impressive collection of poetry. Tolkien has also used his linguistic skills to translate many books into English. Other published works are mainly composed of letters he sent to people explaining things about Middle-earth and several scholarly essays (Moseley 18-79). Tolkien never expected his works to achieve the popularity that they have, thinking that they would only be of interest to a select group of readers. Yet his vision of Middle-earth, rooted in his love of language and lore, touched the spirt of people the world over. His work has proved the inspiration for many other writers and artists, and set the foundation for the modern heroic fantasy genre (Moseley 18-79). BibliographyWorks Consulted Chance, Jane. The Lord of the Rings: The Mythology of Power. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992. J.R.R. Tolkien. Favorite Authors of Young Adult Fiction. Frank Schaffer Publications, n.d. 145-146. Moseley, Charles. J.R.R. Tolkien. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House Publishers, 1997. Rosebury, Brian. Tolkien: A Critical Assessment. New York: St. Martins Press, 1992. Smith, Daniel S. Cirth Font Help. Vers. 1.1 Jan. 1999 Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000. 18 March 2000. Tolkien, J.R.R. The Fellowship of the Ring. Lord of the Rings. 1. New York: Ballantine Books, 1965. . The Hobbit. Rev. ed. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982. . The Return of the King. Lord of the Rings. 3. New York: Ballantine Books, 1965. . The Shaping of Middle-Earth. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995. . The Silmarillion. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. New York: Ballantine Books, 1979. . The Two Towers. Lord of the Rings. 2. New York: Ballantine Books, 1965. . Unfinished Tales of N?menor and Middle-Earth. Ed. Christopher Tolkien, New York: Ballantine Books, 1988. War in Middle-Earth. Map. Irvan: Melbourn House, n.d. Biographies